Problem-based learning (PBL) is a student-centered, active learning strategy where students work in small groups (4-6 members) to solve complex, real-world problems that can have multiple solutions. While similar to case-based and team-based learning in that student groups solve problems, PBL emphasizes the student’s role in identifying learning objectives and knowledge gaps based on the problem and minimizes the instructor’s role to a facilitator. Participation in PBL activities allow students to develop skills in problem-solving, critical thinking, communication, and teamwork skills Zakrajsek & Nilson (2023). According to Barrows (1986), objectives of a PBL activity include “structuring knowledge for use in clinical contexts, developing an effective clinical reasoning process, developing effective self-directed learning skills, and increasing motivation for learning.”
Last Reviewed:
September 16, 2025
First Published:
February 10, 2022
Why Use This Strategy?
- PBL is an effective teaching and learning approach, particularly when it is evaluated for long-term knowledge retention and applications.
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Pharmacy students who participated in problem-based learning performed better on midterm and final exams.
- PBL has a positive effect on physician competency after graduation.
Top Tips
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Steps for Developing Problem-based Learning Activities (Faculty Focus)
- Identify learning objectives/outcomes
- Develop scenario/problem
- Introduce PBL to students
- Group students
- Facilitate instead of instruct
- Assess student performance
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Problem-based Learning Steps for Students (Cornell University)
- Examine and define the problem.
- Explore what they already know about underlying issues related to problem.
- Determine what they need to learn and where they can acquire the information and tools necessary to solve the problem.
- Evaluate possible ways to solve the problem.
- Solve the problem.
- Report on their findings.
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